- Water Research Foundation (2010) – “Contribution of Galvanic Corrosion to Lead in Water After Partial Lead Service Line Replacements” – Lead concentrations of tens of thousands of μg/L were present throughout the 7 month test of partially replaced lead service lines. Lead concentrations varied significantly based on the ratio of chloride to sulfate in the water, however the sulfate corrosion inhibitor yielded lead concentrations far above the federal standard of 15 μg/L. The impact of fluoridation chemicals on lead leaching were not evaluated in this study.
- Environmental Health Perspectives (2010) – “Reaction to the Solution: Lead Exposure Following Partial Service Line Replacement” After partial replacement of lead service lines, the amount of lead in drinking water can vastly exceed health standards.
- Water Research (2012) – “Impact of galvanic corrosion on lead release from aged lead service lines” Longer stagnation time causes dramatically more particulate lead release from partially replaced lead service lines coupled with brass. Lead release for the brass-coupled systems was locally much higher in the region closest to the coupling. The impact of galvanic corrosion persisted for the six weeks of the experiment.
- Water Research (2013) – “Impact of treatment on lead released from full and partially replaced lead service lines” – Orthophosphate reduces lead release from undisturbed lead service lines by 64%. For lead service lines partially replaced with copper, lead concentrations were unchanged by phosphate dosing at moderate flow (103 ± 265 vs 169 ± 349 μg/L) and were increased to very high levels when sampled at high flow rates (1001 ± 1808 vs 257 ± 224 μg/L).
Fluoride-Free Flint 