Flint’s past, present, and future water treatment chemicals weren’t selected to minimize lead exposure:

1) Flint’s future: Karegnondi Water Authority

• City of Flint and Genesee, Lapeer, and Sanilac Counties (2009)“Preliminary Engineering Report Lake Huron Water Supply Karegnondi Water Authority” – Hydrofluosilicic acid already selected as the fluoridation chemical for KWA water, see Page 16
• City of Flint (8/15) – “Operational Evaluation Report: Trihalomethane Formation Concern” Chloramine is an “Infrastructure Change Recommendation” for Flint River water, i.e., emergency backup for Karegnondi Water Authority (see Page 20)

2) Flint’s past: Flint River water, 4/25/14 to 10/16/15

• City of Flint (March 2015) – “Water Quality Report” – Chloramine or Chlorine Dioxide recommended as a contingency, see Page 3
• City of Flint (2014) – “2014 Annual Water Quality Report” – Highest measured fluoride reading during 2014 is blank, see Page 5
• City of Flint (2014) – “Operational Evaluation Report: Trihalomethane Formation Concern” – Ongoing fluoridation of Flint River water, see Page 9; chloramine recommended if trihalomethane readings don’t respond, see Pages 2, 10, and 14
• City of Flint (1/13/15) – “Water System Questions & Answers” – Increased chlorine concentration to combat low residuals. Remedy was unsuccessful.
• GE Power and Water: Water and Process Technologies (2013) – “Routine & Emergency Disinfection For Reduction of Health Risks Associated with Legionella Bacteria” – Industrial hyperchlorination procedure requires halogen-stable corrosion inhibitor.
• Hydrocarbon Engineering (2012) – “A little water goes a long way” – Need to manage relationship between corrosion, mineral deposition, and biological growth. Corrosion and mineral scale deposits facilitate microbiological scaling, leading to microbiologically influenced corrosion and proliferation of anaerobic bacteria. Without treatment, iron readily precipitates with orthophosphate, negating corrosion protection unless coupled with a polymeric dispersant.
• Fluoride Action Network (2/10/16) – “Fluoridation: Worsening the Lead Crisis in Flint, and Beyond” – Still unspoken in the media’s coverage of the Flint tragedy is the role that Flint’s fluoridation program may have played in intensifying this crisis.

3) Flint’s past and present: Detroit water prior to 4/25/14, and after 10/16/15

• CCJM  (2011) – “Detroit Water Treatment Plant Chlorination and Fluoridation Facilities Design” – Designer of one of the world’s largest chlorination and fluoridation Facilities at DWSD’s Detroit Water Treatment Plant, which uses 7,000 gallons of sodium hydrofluosilicic acid and 34,000 pounds of chlorine per day
• Environmental Working Group (2007) – “City of Flint drinking water quality report” – Health guidelines exceeded for 11 chemicals (compares to national average for water utilities, with 4 chemicals exceeding health guidelines for a water utility); Regulatory legal limits exceeded for 3 chemicals (compares to national average for water utilities, with 0.5 chemicals exceeding regulatory limits)
• Environmental Working Group (2004 to 2009) – “Michigan drinking water quality report” Health guidelines exceeded for 54 chemicals by 724 water utilities; Regulatory legal limits exceeded for 11 chemicals by 129 water utilities.